"Bots are automated technology that can perform uniquely human functions, which operate without the need for human assistance once programmed. Bots can be used to follow or interact with profiles on social media platforms such as Twitter" (The SAGE Encyclopedia of Journalism).
"Also called confirmatory bias or myside bias, this is the tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one's beliefs or hypotheses, while giving disproportionately less consideration to alternative possibilities" (AllSides Red Blue Dictionary).
"The term deepfake combines deep, taken from AI deep-learning technology (a type of machine learning that involves multiple levels of processing), and fake, addressing that the content is not real. [...] Deepfakes are, more often than not, associated with nefarious motives, including creating disinformation and generating confusion about politically important matters" (Britannica Academic, "deepfake").
"[A]n environment in which the same opinions are repeatedly voiced and promoted, so that people are not exposed to opposing views" (Dictionary.com).
Check out our Understanding Fake News page or see this article from The SAGE Encyclopedia of Journalism.
"Filter bubble... is the intellectual isolation that can occur when technology companies use algorithms to feed users information and content that they will like, based on their interests, location, past searches, click history, and more. [...] Some view filter bubbles as unhealthy for both personal psychology and democracy/politics at large because they shut out alternative viewpoints, which ultimately inhibits nuanced thinking" (AllSides Red Blue Dictionary).
This occurs, "when bad actors use the threat of mis- and disinformation to delegitimize real facts and information" (Britannica Academic, "misinformation and disinformation").
"'Yellow journalism' is often equated to sensational treatment of the news, and to dressing up fakes and falsehoods as fact" (The SAGE Encyclopedia of Journalism). "The phrase was coined in the 1890s to describe tactics employed in the furious competition between two New York papers, Joseph Pulitzer’s World and William Randolph Hearst’s Journal" (Britannica Concise Encyclopedia).
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